Class 13: The post-1967 situation

More Outstanding Issues - occupied territories of

• West Bank - 100,000 to 178,000 refugees [over 200,000, claims Shlomo Gazit, Gordon p6] (and see current fence construction)
• Gaza Strip
• East Jerusualem
• Golan Heights - 102,000 to 115,000 refugees
• Sinai - 38,000 refugees
• prolonged occupation
  • Sinai until 1982
  • Gaza Strip until August 15-29, 2005 withdrawal
  • Golan, 1967-
  • West Bank, 1967- (unilaterally annexed in 1981)
  • East Jerusalem, 1967- (unilaterally enlarged and annexed in 1967)
• consequences? (recall our class #2) what is the logic of occupation? - read Neve Gordon, Israel's Occupation (UC Press 2008)
  • sheer violence (May-August 2006: 12,417 Iraqi civilian deaths)?
  • from "normalization" of colonization (exploiting labor, land, and water) to separation (barrier begun July 2003)
    • render occupation invisible to the Israeli public (the way we do for Iraq) while erasing the Green Line
    • mission civilizing the natives: water, health, and electricity grids; jobs in Israel
    • licenses and controls - even for sheep grazing
  • modes of power
    • disciplinary power, i.e. exams or those annotated bibs to promote individual conformity to norms
    • bio-power, i.e. statistics and regulations for peace and prosperity - longevity, fertility, hygiene, employment rates
    • sovereign power: traditional repression, judicial system as "mechanism of dispossession" of land, p.13 - 40% of it by 1987!
  • geneology of control - the system of apparatuses of regulation
    • 1967-80 military rule
    • 1981-87 civil administration
    • 1988-93 first intifada
    • Oslo years (outsourcing the occupation to PA) 1994-2000
    • 2001-prsent 2nd intifada

Regional Developments - PBS video of failure to make peace (6 mins)

• Khartoum Conference - August 1967 - "three Noes" to peace, recognition of Israel, negotiation - "immediate total withdrawal" - as in 1956.
• Egypt out of Yemen
• Saudi Arabia, Kuwait et al to aid 'frontline" Egypt, Syria, and Jordan
• Israel: secure boundaries, direct negotiations.
• Palestinians: emergence of Fatah and Yassir Arafat (video - 20 mins)

International developments

• US policy - compare 1956 and 1967
• UN Resolution 242: "withdrawal from territories occupied..." [not THE territories occupied...]
• Gunnar Jaring's futile shuttles 1968-71

"No peace no war" 1967-73: Regional Developments

• failure of Rogers Plan 1969
• Black September (1970): Fatah to Lebanon (Munich Olympics 1972 "Black September" death of Israeli athletes)
• Egypt: death of Nasser in September 1970, successor: Anwar Sadat
• Syria: Hafez al-Assad 1970-2000 (succeeded by son Bechar)
• Israel: Golda Meir and the Labor Party vs Gush Emunin

The October - Yom Kippur - Ramdan War (Oct. 6-25, 1973) - PBS video 20 mins

• crossing of the Bar-Lev line
• aid to Israel and the oil embargo
• Sharon's crossing and trapping of Egyptian army
• Soviet threat of intervention and Kissinger's nuclear alert

Toward a settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict?

• piece-by-piece tactics (Kissinger)
• comprehensive settlement (Rogers 1969...Jimmy Carter: Camp David Sept 5-17, 1978)
• note Baker-Bush two track: comprehensive Madrid